Increased Rate of Infections in the Acute Care Setting

Expanded Rate of Infections in the Acute Care Setting Rey Albert Tablazon Kim Harper Medicinal services related contaminations create in a patient because of their presentation to human services offices or systems. They incorporate methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-safe Enterococcus (VRE), C. difficile and different contaminations brought about by microorganisms and infections experienced in social insurance offices (CUPE, 2009). Clinic obtained contamination can bring about drawn out or changeless handicap and some emergency clinic procured diseases demonstrate deadly (Taylor, Plowman, Roberts, n.d.).The paces of these medical clinic gained contaminations in the intense consideration setting have expanded particularly in Alberta. For instance, in 2007, a starter observation report on MRSA in patients from 47 Canadian intense consideration sentinel emergency clinics found that the MRSA rate was 8.62 per 1000 affirmations (AHW, 2011). Additionally, since detailing started in 1999, a total aggregate of 1,241 VRE contaminated cases were accounted for to the Public Health Agency of Canada (Agency) through December 31, 2011 (PHAC, 2013). With the occurrences of these super-contaminations happening in the intense consideration setting, the wellbeing of the people being conceded in the emergency clinic is additionally positioned in danger. The people in danger incorporate for the most part kids and the old. As per the populace projections of the Alberta Treasury Board and Finance (2013), the quantity of Albertans matured 80 years and more seasoned would more than triple from the momentum level of around 115,000 out of 2012 to more than 383,700 by 2041 (p. 3). This implies an ever increasing number of old people will be at high hazard for diseases, for example, MRSA which as indicated by the report by AHC (2011), have contamination rates most noteworthy in the old (70 years and more seasoned). Obtaining diseases in the intense consideration setting can greatly affect the influenced person’s life. This may mean he can no l onger go to work while being treated in the medical clinic which would mean money related misfortunes which influence the individual, yet in addition his family. Besides, rewarding super diseases in an emergency clinic care setting can fundamentally affect the country’s economy. An overview of Canadian medical clinics (detailed in 2000) assessed the immediate expenses of emergency clinic procured contaminations in Canada to be around $1 billion yearly. In 2007, MRSA alone was evaluated to cost Canada’s social insurance framework $200-250 million every year (CUPE, 2009). Recognizing Solutions to Prevent Super-contaminations Super-contaminations can be expensive to treat and regularly than not, demonstrate deadly for the people harassed with such. Be that as it may, throughout the years, techniques have been created to additionally forestall people admitted to in an intense consideration setting from contracting such diseases. Such techniques include including more medicinal services cleaning and contamination control staff with legitimate preparing. Realizing how to manage a circumstance where disease happens can extraordinarily diminish the danger of specific contaminations from spreading further among people in an intense consideration setting. Medical clinics in Canada and Europe have exhibited that interest in all the more cleaning and contamination control staff, preparing and workforce security has cut disease rates down (CUPE, 2009). Most contaminations obtained in the intense consideration setting can be moved through direct contact. It can either be immediate contact with a tainted individual o r an item that has come into contact with a contaminated person. Move of irresistible microscopic organisms can be forestalled through legitimate hand washing. Emergency clinics these days will in general have hand sanitizers put deliberately over the whole medical clinic. While antimicrobial cleanser and water are still suggested for hands that are obviously grimy or have been presented to natural liquids, liquor based gels or rubs are currently favored for routine purification of hands after most patient contact. These items quickly eliminate microscopic organisms and most infections, and really are gentler on the hands than rehashed utilization of cleanser and water (IHI, 2012). The nurse’s job is to teach, not just the people being conceded into an intense consideration setting, yet in addition the guests coming all through the clinic to wash their hands appropriately. Nursing Care Plans There are three nursing care designs that were drafted from this situation which may apply to potential high hazard people included. First nursing determination is a genuine issue, dread/nervousness (see Appendix A for a breakdown of the consideration plan). Second nursing finding is a possible issue, hazard for disease (see Appendix B for a breakdown of the consideration plan). The last nursing analysis is an instructive need, information shortfall (see Appendix C for a breakdown of the consideration plan). End Forestalling the spread of super-contaminations includes collaboration. In addition to the fact that this is constrained to the human services laborers, yet in addition stretches out to families and guests in an intense consideration setting. The expansion of more staff that are prepared and learned in managing contamination anticipation surely helps keep such diseases under control. The majority of these diseases are gained through direct contact; in this manner, legitimate hand washing ought to be performed when coming into contact with an individual or any item that is available in the clinic. Not exclusively will it decrease the danger of getting a super-disease towards oneself, it will likewise forestall the spread towards others. References Albert Health and Wellness, (2011). Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) †2010 AHW Report. Recovered from http://www.health.alberta.ca/records/MRSA-Alberta-Report-2006-2010.pdf Alberta Treasury Board and Finance, (2013). Alberta populace projection. Recovered from http://www.finance.alberta.ca/aboutalberta/populace projections/2013-2041-alberta-populace projections.pdf Canadian Union of Public Employees, (2009). Human services related contaminations: a backgrounder. Recovered from http://cupe.ca/medicinal services/human services related contaminations Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F., Murr, A.C., (2006). Nursing care plans. Rules for individualizing customer care over the life expectancy seventh ed. USA. F.A. Davis Company Elsevier, (n.d.). Disease, hazard for all inclusive insurances; standard precautionary measures; CDC rules; OSHA. Recovered from http://www1.us.elsevierhealth.com/MERLIN/Gulanick/chronicle/ Constructor/gulanick33.html Establishment for Healthcare Improvement, (2014). Decreasing MRSA Infections: Staying One Step Ahead. Recovered from http://www.ihi.org/information/Pages/ImprovementStories/ReducingMRSAInfectionsStayingOneStepAhead.aspx Nanda Nursing Interventions, (2012). Nursing analysis information shortage †gestational diabetes mellitus. Recovered from http://nanda-nursinginterventions.blogspot.ca/2012/08/nursing-analysis information deficit.html Nursing Care Plan, (n.d.). Nursing care plan. Recovered from http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_ perrin_criticalcare_1/98/25168/6443016.cw/content/index.html Nursing Care Plan, (2012). Nursing care plan for inadequate information. Recovered from http://nanda-nursing-care-plan.blogspot.ca/2012/02/nursing-care-plan-for-deficient.html General Health Agency of Canada, (2013). Vancomycin-safe enterococci contaminations in Canadian intense consideration medical clinics: Surveillance Report January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2011. Recovered from http://www.ammi.ca/media/55895/cnisp_vre_surveillance_report_ 1999_to_2011-en.pdf Taylor, K., Plowman, R., Roberts, J.A., (n.d.) The test of clinic gained contamination. USA. Writing material Office Reference section A Reference section B Reference section C

Macbeth: Imagery Of Animal Behavior And Class Status Advances :: essays research papers

Macbeth: Imagery of Animal Behavior and Class Status Advances In Macbeth, the symbolism of creatures conduct and class status progresses the subject of creatures according to human qualities. The models talked about in my paper will make it very certain that this symbolism is obvious, all through the play.      In Act 1 sc. 3 line 8, the principal witch serenades and says that the mariner is the ace of the Tiger. The witch is contrasting the man with a Tiger. The tiger is an excellent creature and is close to the highest point of the Elizabethan World Picture. Henceforth the man is acceptable. Moreover the witch say's that she herself resembles a rodent without a tail. In this way she is missing something significant. The witch is deficient, much the same as the rodent. Besides I accept she is concealing something since when you are missing something you are able to be reluctant and shroud it. Moreover the rodent is veer low on the chain of being.      The next entry is Act 1 sc. 7 line 49. In this section Lady Macbeth is cited saying â€Å"like the poor feline I ‘th' adage† (1, vii., 49). That implies â€Å" the feline who eats fish yet won't consider making the plunge † (Folgers, p 40). Woman Macbeth is disclosing to Macbeth that he resembles the feline since he needs to turn into ruler yet he won't get his hands ridiculous. Anyway Lady Macbeth would discover somebody else to consider making the plunge, somebody to accomplish her filthy work.      In act 2 scene 4 line 15, the elderly person and Ross talk about the ongoing murder. The elderly person says that the executioner, an owl ensured nobody was looking furthermore, assaulted the hawk and slaughtered it. The owl, lower then the bird of prey on the chain of being generally eats mice, which is low on the order. Be that as it may, this time the owl eats the bird of prey whom is as a rule on the highest point of the chain of command.      Later in the play during act 3 Macbeth talks session the rundown of mutts and the rundown of men. On line 140 in sc.1 Macbeth contrasts the killings and the lowliest of mutts. In the following demonstration, Act 4 three witches utilize modest creatures to depict Macbeths majesty. In sc. 1 lines 1-30 the witches state that

Functional Resume Sample

Functional Resume Sample What is the purpose of a resume? You might say it is to get you hired but you’d be overlooking a key function of this piece of paper. A resume is an invitation you send to the hiring manager to say, “Hey! Wouldn’t you love to know more?” It’s about presenting yourself in a manner that helps you take a step closer to your ideal job.And because we come with a variety of backgrounds and job histories, you can’t find a single resume format that works. For those, with less than ideal work histories and a limited amount of experience, a functional resume will help make the invitation to be interviewed easier to achieve.So, let’s examine what the purpose and the benefits of functional resume are and consider the times when you should opt for this unique resume type. This guide will also feature a template you should use when creating a functional resume. THE PURPOSE OF A FUNCTIONAL RESUMEA functional resume serves an important use and it’s helpful to understand it before you create one. The most crucial function is to cover periods of unemployment or lack of proper work experience in a way that still makes the resume look presentable and functional. Your objective with the functional resume is to make the hiring manager look at the resume and consider it as normal as possible in terms of skills and qualifications.The difference between a functional and the ‘standard’ resume is how it approaches the work history. With the functional resume, you won’t highlight a chronological work history since you would have gaps in it. Instead, your focus is on the skills and experiences you’ve gained throughout your working history but also any outside activities or things you’ve been doing. The emphasis, therefore, is not in your titles or the number of months you’ve worked but on the experience and skills you’ve gained.It’s impo rtant to remember that a functional resume isn’t a worse resume style to any other style. You don’t need to feel ashamed in using this format. In fact, hardly any one of us has a perfect work record. Unemployment or lack of jobs shouldn’t be considered a failure â€" you might be out of work for a variety of reasons. Sometimes it can be family issues or your personal health that’s causing you to stay out of work. Sometimes the economy just isn’t good enough and jobs are hard to come by.Nonetheless, you will have skills and you can gain valuable experience even if you aren’t working. Managing your family or looking after an ill relative â€" heck, even travelling around the world â€" can present you with important skills that can be used in the workplace. Therefore, a functional resume is not a worse option â€" it’s just a different way of presenting your qualifications for the specific role. THE ADVANTAGES OF A FUNCTIONAL RESUMEIndeed, a functional resume can be extreme ly beneficial for many job applicants. The format, which will examine next, can provide you with these stunning benefits:Focus on the most important aspectsA functional resume can actually help you to better highlight your suitability for the role in question. You will need to fill the resume with skills rather than job titles and this makes it easier to focus on those skills the employer is looking for. You can examine the job description and start meticulously including examples of those particular skills that would help you to perform in the position.You have a clearer focus on what your skills are and how they relate to the job in question â€" the vision of what’s required becomes much clearer because the structure of your resume will be so different.Highlights transferable skillsUnfortunately, job applicants are not always very good at focusing on transferable skills. If the focus is on work, you tend to just emphasize the skills you’ve gained in the position without necess arily looking broader at what you can and cannot do.But with a functional resume, you need to focus on transferable skills and take a more critical look at the things you’ve learned throughout your life. This point is especially important for those looking for a different career path. You might have experience on sales but what if you are looking for a marketing position right now.With a functional resume, you can look beyond the job title and role and simply focus on the skills you’ve learned and which can help you in the new career path.Reduces redundancyA well-structured and accurately written functional resume can also reduce redundancy. With a chronological or the so-called traditional resume, you might be mentioning the same things twice. You might list the same skills for different job titles or include similar skills in your job list and under your skills.This takes unnecessary space and makes the hiring manager’s job more complicated. In a functional resume, you don†™t keep mentioning the same things over and over again.THE STRUCTURE OF A FUNCTIONAL RESUMESo, let’s start exploring what the functional resume should look like. How do you structure the resume and make the hiring manager fall in love with you?The most common structure is built around the following elements:Contact InformationQualifications SummaryRelevant SkillsProfessional ExperienceEducationContact informationAt the top of the functional resume, you should write down your contact information â€" this is similar to any other resume style. You should include the most relevant contact details, including your full postal address, your phone number, and your email address. It’s important to include both landline and mobile number (if you have both).You also want to mention if the email you are using is a work email. Nowadays, job applicants sometimes include their Twitter handle or link to their LinkedIn profile (if digital resume). You can do this too but just remember to only li nk to social media, which is used for professional purposes.Qualifications summaryThe first part of the resume summarizes the relevant qualifications you have in terms of the role. It should feature your career achievements without getting into the date details â€" remember, you are aiming to avoid shining light on any career gaps you might have.A good qualifications summary includes around six bullet points that display your most impressive achievements. These can be in relations to different skills such as:AuthorityAnalysed incoming sales data, creating 2,000-word reports for the company CEO.CreativityDesigned an efficiency program at the university to save housing department $2,000 a month in administrative costs.EfficiencyProduced 1,000 more package inputs at work compared to company average.RecognitionReceived the “Employee of the Month” award for six consecutive months in an organisation with 300+ employees.ManagementOrganised the outings, tournaments and marketing events for a soccer team for two years.CommunicationAlleviated customer disputes at a popular rail company for three years.Now, the above examples show you the broadness of qualifications you can draw from. It doesn’t have to come from a paid position â€" you don’t need to explain in detail here, but you just want to highlight your most impressive achievements.Of course, you also don’t need to make the six bullet points about each category but you can highlight to qualities that are most important in the role you are applying for.Relevant skillsYour next section will list the relevant skills you have in regards the role you are applying for. This is essentially the same as the skills section in your traditional resume â€" the emphasis is just more on the skills in a functional format.The key to a good skills section is to select around four skills that are applicable to the job you’re applying for. The employer mentions these skills exclusively in the job description. For example, it could be things like “communication, technical ability, creativity and leadership”. You can figure these out by reading the job description and application package.Now, for each of the important skills, you will want to come up with a bullet point to prove you have this skills or ability. For example, under “Communication”, you could list your high customer feedback, conflict resolution skills and so on. At this stage, you also want to quantify your skills â€" including numbers to the resume will add professionalism to the resume and catch the hiring manager’s attention better.Professional experienceYou will also include a professional experience sector in your functional resume. But as you can see, it’s not the first thing on your resume and you’ll format it a little differently to a traditional resume. The different formatting is to avoid highlighting any gaps you have in your career path.The emphasis won’t be on the dates, although you don’t have to hide them . You can easily “fudge” your resume slightly and leave out the months you’ve worked in a specific profession. For example, instead of showing the gaps in your employment, you simply leave them out:+2014 Hiring Manager at ZYXSep 2014 to Dec 2014 Hiring Manager at ZYX2015 Junior Account Manager at ABCMar 2015 to Jul 2015 Junior Account Manager at ABC2015-2017 Senior Manager at DoReMiDec 2015 to Jun 2017 Senior Manager at DoReMiYou can discuss these gaps later in the interview in case the hiring manager asks for more details.You can also directly tackle the issue of unemployment at this point if you want. There are legitimate reasons for not being at work â€" it’s not about laziness or lack of trying. You might have studied independently while looking after your small child or you’ve been volunteering in order to learn more about the world. The key is to label the unemployment and not refer to it as unemployment.So, instead of writing that you spent 2016 as unemployed, you can include it in your functional resume as a time for independent study (listing the courses you did) or stating you did Adventure Travel (and the things it thought you). In a way, you take agency for this gap and you show what valuable things it allowed you to do.Please note that you want to do this even if you were unemployed because you couldn’t find work â€" you still want to showcase what positive you did during this time and what you learned. Unemployment on its own can come off negatively.EducationFinally, you should list your education at the end of the functional resume. For the functional style, the list is just a basic collection of the university or school you went to, the degree you received, the date of graduation and any other relevant information, such as the grade you received.You don’t need to include any other information at this point unless it’s directly related to the role you are applying for.A SAMPLE FUNCTIONAL RESUMEWith the above information in mind, let’s examine a sample functional resume. You can use the template below to make your own functional resume. Just remember to tailor your functional resume based on the role or industry you are applying to.John Doe 123 High Street Local Town, 123 456 Tel: 012 234 567 Mobile 010 987 654 johndoe@email.comSUMMARYExperienced: Customer service professional with 5 years experience in hospitality industryEfficient: Ability to handle large projects at once, having been in charge of 200+ client portfolioLeader: Successfully led a team of customer service professional to improve customer service channel and reduce waiting times by 40%Resourceful: Researched customer service software to improve productivity in the organization by 30%RELEVANT SKILLSCustomer service:In charge of client accounts from organizing appointments to solving customer pain pointsTraining of new in-house task to ensure customers are treated fairly and wellCommunication:Lead a debating society in university where g ained important skills in speaking and listeningTaken courses in conversational influenceMultilingual with native-level language skills in English and SpanishTechnical:Proficient with Microsoft Office (Word, Excel and PowerPoint)Able to use Microsoft and Macintosh OSExperience on social media and history in using Periscope and TweetDeck to manage corporate accounts  PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCEZYX Company, City Name â€" Call centre representative ABC Business, Town Name â€" Hotel front desk manager CDE Organization, City Name â€" Client manager Diner ABC, Town name Cashier  EDUCATIONThe University of Dreams, City of Dreams, Dreamland Bachelor of Hospitality, June 2010  WHEN TO OPT FOR A FUNCTIONAL RESUME?So, when is the above template best used? Who benefits from a functional resume?As you might have picked up, the resume type is the perfect option for those who have been out of work for a long time. If you don’t have an extensive work history or you’ve been away from the work scene for a few years, you can utilise the functional resume to focus on your skills. It helps you cover those moments away from the grind in a way that doesn’t make you look like a person without the right skills or motivation for the role.It can even work with those who might not have a huge work history, especially one that relates to the role you are applying for. So, if you are looking to start your career in the fashion world but you’ve only really worked in retail, you can use the functional resume to focus on the transferable skills. It can help highlight your suitability for the role without a background in that specific role or industry.Indeed, you don’t need to have been unemployed or have a short list of job titles in the resume in order to use a functional resume. The format is fitting for those seeking to change their careers dramatically. Let’s say you’ve been working in different accounting roles for a decade but you finally want to follow your passion and get i nto the bakery industry. You won’t really benefit from listing your accounting roles but you can utilize the functional resume format to highlight your transferable skills (attention to detail, working on your own and so on), as well as mention the things you’ve done to explore the passion (baking courses and so on, for example).Now, you don’t always have to just stick to a single type of resume. It is possible to take elements of the chronological resume and combine them with a functional resume. The key is always to remember that your resume is supposed to present your qualifications, skills and achievements in a way that shows you’d be a great fit for the particular role in question.TO SUMMARIZEIf your work history isn’t full of decades of relevant work experience and you have gaps in employment, a functional resume is a good option. The emphasis of this resume is showcasing how your skills align with those required for the job position.It isn’t about the number of ye ars you’ve held a certain role but whether you have the skills and characteristics to perform in a specific role. It’s a great tool for showing your strengths.

10 Ways to Reduce College Stress

At any given point in time, most college students are stressed about something; its just part of going to school. While having stress in your life is normal and often unavoidable, being stressed is something you can control. Follow these ten tips to learn how to keep your stress in check and how to relax when it gets to be too much. 1. Dont Stress About Being Stressed This may seem ridiculous at first, but it is listed first for a reason: when youre feeling stressed, you feel like youre on edge and everything is barely being held together. Dont beat yourself up too badly about it! Its all normal, and the best way to handle stress is to not get more stressed about...being stressed. If youre stressed out, admit it and figure out how to handle it. Focusing on it, especially without taking action, will only make things seem worse. 2. Get Some Sleep Being in college means your sleep schedule is, most likely, far from ideal. Getting more sleep can help your mind refocus, recharge, and re-balance. This can mean a quick nap, a night when you go to bed early, or a promise to yourself to stick with a regular sleep schedule. Sometimes, one good nights sleep can be all you need to hit the ground running amidst a stressful time. 3. Get Some (Healthy!) Food Similar to your sleep habits, your eating habits may have gone by the wayside when you started school. Think about what—and when—youve eaten over the past few days. You may think your stress is psychological, but you could also be feeling physical stress (and putting on the Freshman 15) if youre not fueling your body appropriately. Go eat something balanced and healthy: fruits and veggies, whole grains, protein. Make your mama proud with what you choose for dinner tonight! 4.  Get Some Exercise You may think that if you dont have the time to sleep and eat properly, you definitely dont have the time to exercise. Fair enough, but if youre feeling stressed, it may be that you need to squeeze it in somehow. Exercise doesnt necessarily have to involve a 2-hour, exhausting workout at the campus gym. It can mean a relaxing, 30-minute walk while listening to your favorite music. In fact, in a little over an hour, you can 1) walk 15 minutes to your favorite off-campus restaurant, 2) eat a quick and healthy meal, 3) walk back, and 4) take a power nap. Imagine how much better youll feel! 5. Get Some Quiet Time Take one moment and think: when was the last time you had some quality, quiet time alone? Personal space for students in college rarely exists. You may share your room, your bathroom, your classrooms, your dining hall, the gym, the bookstore, the library, and anywhere else you go during an average day. Finding a few moments of peace and quiet—with no cell phone, roommates, or crowds—might be just what you need. Stepping out from the crazy college environment for a few minutes can do wonders for reducing your stress. 6.  Get Some Social Time Have you been working on that English paper for three days straight? Can you even see what youre writing anymore for your chemistry lab? You could be stressed because youre being too focused on getting things done. Dont forget that your brain is like a muscle, and even it needs a break every once in a while! Take a break and see a movie. Grab some friends and go out dancing. Hop a bus and hang out downtown for a few hours. Having a social life is an important part of your college experience, so dont be afraid to keep it in the picture when youre stressed. It could be when you need it most! 7. Make Work More  Fun You may be stressed about one particular thing: a final paper due Monday, a class presentation due Thursday. You basically just need to sit down and plow through it. If this is the case, try to figure out how to make it a little more fun and enjoyable. Is everyone writing final papers? Agree to work together in your room for 2 hours and then order pizza together for dinner. Do a lot of your classmates have huge presentations to put together? See if you can reserve a classroom or room in the library where you can all work together and share supplies. You may just lower everyones stress level. 8. Get Some Distance You may be handling your own problems and trying to help others around you. While this can be nice for them, check in and be honest with yourself about how your helpful demeanor may be causing more stress in your life. Its okay to take a step back and focus on yourself for a little while, especially if you are stressed and your academics are at risk. After all, how can you keep helping others if youre not even in a state to help yourself? Figure out which things are causing you the most stress and how you can take a step back from each. And then, most importantly, take that step. 9. Get a Little Help It can be hard to ask for help, and unless your friends are psychic, they may not know how stressed out you are. Most college students are going through the same things at the same thing, so dont feel silly if you need to just vent for 30 minutes over coffee with a friend. It may help you process out what you need to do, and help you realize that the things you are so stressed about are actually pretty manageable. If youre afraid of dumping too much on a friend, most colleges have counseling centers specifically for their students. Dont be afraid to make an appointment if you think it will help. 10. Get Some Perspective College life can be overwhelming. You want to hang out with your friends, join clubs, explore off campus, join a fraternity or sorority, and be involved in the campus newspaper. It can sometimes feel like there arent enough hours in the day. Thats because there arent. Theres only so much any person can handle, and you need to remember the reason why youre in school: academics. No matter how exciting your co-curricular life can be, you wont be able to enjoy any of it if you dont pass your classes. Make sure to keep your eye on the prize and then head out and change the world!

Pfizer s Drug Testing Strategy - 1275 Words

According to the reading Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria in Chapter 4 of International Business (Hill, 2011), in 2006 it was determined that the world’s largest pharmaceutical company, Pfizer Inc, violated an international law by Nigerian officials. This is law made it illegal for unapproved drugs to be tested on human beings. The crime took place in 1996 when a test drug, Trovan, was given to nearly 100 children suffering from a deadly strain of meningitis. Five of the children given the drug died while 6 others died after receiving a comparison of the antibiotic. This case questions the ethics of decision making on Pfizer’s behalf. Though Pfizer obtained verbal consent from parents to administer Trovan to their children, all ground was not covered. There is an issue of falsified documentation, the omission of information (mainly that Trovan was experimental), and the disregard for the well-being of the children by not taking them off of the drug. Base d on information presented in this case it is believed that Pfizer did not act ethically because the sick children’s best interest was not taken to heart. It generally 12 years for a potential new drug to go from the lab to garnering approval for use. The clinical development of a drug can be time consuming and expensive which accounts approximately 45 to 75 percent of the $1.2 billion average cost of bringing a new therapy to market. There are 4 phases of clinical development that is done are pre-clinical trials.Show MoreRelatedLipitor Marketing Case Study Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket share leader. Warner-Lambert developed the drug initially but needed to catch up in the market so they teamed up with Pfizer, known for their marketing and sales competency. This partnership was just what the doctor ordered for the initial introduction of Lipitor to the market. In 2001, Pfizer took full control of Lipitor and changed the marketing game once again. 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Social * Ageing population puts pressure on healthcare systems. * Epidemic of chronic diseases. * Rising consumer expectations. * Payers choosing generic drugs for first-line treatment of common ailments. Technological * Increase productivity, decrease costs and develop new treatment modalities to enhanceRead MoreFinancial Analysis of Merck and Pfizer3681 Words   |  15 Pagesgeneric and branded drugs. The industry expanded during the 1980’s and drugs to treat heart disease and AIDS were prominent. Consumer demand for nutritional supplements and alternative medicine increased during the 1990’s with the Internet facilitating direct purchases of drugs. Advertising for direct consumption of pharmaceutical drugs became more prominent; pharmaceutical companies were criticized for over medicating personality or social problems. Society expects drug companies to improveRead MoreThe Pharmaceutical Industry1967 Words   |  8 Pageson prescription drugs in the United States. This growth was driven by favorable demographics. As people grow older, they tend to need and consume more prescription medicines, and the population in most advanced nations has been growing older as the post-World War II baby boom generation ages. Looking forward, projections suggest that spending on prescription drugs will increase between l0 and ll% annually through 2013. Second, successful new prescription drugs can be extraordinarilyRead MorePfizer Competitor Analysis3807 Words   |  16 PagesRiDUCES and Competitor Analysis Pfizer, Inc: Branded Pharmaceutical Industry-Oncology Pharmaceuticals Executive Summary The value that the branded pharmaceutical industry adds to the US economy is growing slower than US GDP (Snyder, 2012). Rivalry has intensified while the rate of blockbuster drug development has slowed due to an increase in regulation from the government and the industry trade association, PhRMA. The number of new entrants is fairly low and some are exiting or consolidating through

Macbeth Victim or Villan Free Essays

Macbeth: Victim or Villain William Shakepear’s Macbeth is a tragedy that contains a perfect example of how lust for power can twist one’s thoughts, emotions, and personality. Even the noblest human being can become malicious when faced with the opportunity to gain power. Macbeth, the play’s protagonist, comes face to face with this exact dilemma, causing him to transform from a valiant war hero into a murderous villain. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth: Victim or Villan or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the beginning of the play, Macbeth’s future is foretold by three witches. The first prediction is stated by the first witch saying, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis† (I. ii. 48)! Thane of Glamis was already Macbeth’s title; therefore the first witch is correct. The second witch predicts that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor. Immediately after the witches disappear, a message comes for Macbeth saying that he will now be the Thane of Cawdor as a result of the preceding Thane’s act of treason. The final prediction made by the witches was that Macbeth would be â€Å"†¦King hereafter† (I. iii. 50. ). At first, Macbeth dismisses the predictions, but because the first two predictions from the witches are correct, Macbeth concludes that the third must be true as well. The prospect of gaining power as king appeals to Macbeth, but he does not yet know how he will become king. Macbeth decides to take matters into his own hands, creating a plot to kill the current King of Scotland, thereby speeding up the time between now and Macbeth’s coronation. The witches’ predictions have already taken root in his brain and, by dwelling on them, Macbeth allows his evil thoughts to grow and flourish. This causes him to carry out his evil deeds along with his wife, Lady Macbeth, who has also become lethal in the pursuit of power. After realizing that he can make himself king, Macbeth concocts a plan to kill Duncan, the present King. Macbeth and his wife decide to kill Duncan when he comes, as a guest, to their castle. At this point, Macbeth can easily change his mind and allow the future to take its course without his interference, but instead, his decision to kill Duncan remains. After murdering Duncan, Macbeth feels a wave of guilt. As the play goes on, Macbeth’s conscience begins to become numb to the idea of taking the life of someone else. The next major character in the story that is killed is Banquo. In the play, Banquo is also given a prediction by the witches: â€Å"Thou shalt get kings, though thou be none† (I. iii. 67. ). This means that although Banquo is not king, his descendants will be. Macbeth realizes that this may be a problem later on and it may interfere with him being king. Banquo is also suspicious about how Macbeth is able to become king. He says â€Å"Thou hast is now: King, Cawdor, Glamis, all, / As the weird women promised, and I fear / thou play’dst most foully for ‘t† (III. i. 1-3). With the prospect of Banquo’s descendants becoming king and the possibility that Banquo is suspicious of how he became king, Macbeth decides that Banquo and Banquo’s son, Fleance, must be exterminated. Macbeth hires murderers to kill the two of them as they both go horseback riding. Though Banquo is a close friend of Macbeth, this does not stop him from murdering both Banquo and Banquo’s son in Macbeth’s quest for power. Subsequently, Macbeth returns to the witches to get more information about his future. Macbeth is so concerned about keeping his crown that he willingly goes to the witches so he can figure out which action to take next in order to maintain his power. While there, he is given four more predictions in the form of apparitions. The first apparition, which is an armored head, says â€Å"Beware Macduff! Beware the Thane of Fife† (IV. i. 71-72. ). This apparition means that Macbeth should be wary of Macduff because he somehow poses a threat to Macbeth. Macbeth refuses to allow Macduff to be the one that ends Macbeth’s rule as king. Without a second thought Macbeth hires murderers to go to Macbeth’s castle and kill everyone there, but what Macbeth does not know is that Macduff is not in his castle. Macduff is in Engla nd convincing Malcom, Duncan’s son, to send an army to Dunsinain. This is the same army that ultimately leads to Macbeth’s doom. This means that Macbeth has killed the innocent people in Macbeth’s castle for nothing. Macbeth has multiple opportunities to change his mind about his pursuit of the crown, but he still chooses to kill innocent people for his own selfish gain. Macbeth’s judgment is repetitively clouded by his quest for power throughout the novel. His apathy towards his murderous ways makes him a villain in the play. His identity changes from a war hero to a bloodthirsty tyrant. This shows that anyone is capable of becoming evil when given the right motive. How to cite Macbeth: Victim or Villan, Papers

Triandis definition of culture Essay Example

Triandis definition of culture Paper Culture, in sociology and social anthropology, is the beliefs, behavior, language, and entire way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time. Culture includes customs, ceremonies, works of art, inventions, technology, and traditions. Triandis definition of Culture: 1Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place. 1 2British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor defines culture as that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Many other definitions of culture have been offered, but by and large all refer to shared systems of values and behavior. 2 All human brings create culture, it is a pattern of ways of responding to basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing family, organization, religion, government and social structures. Each culture posses its own particular traditions, value and ideals. Judgment of what is wrong right or wrong, good or bad, acceptable or taboo are based on cultural values. Culture is the result of all the daily discussions and negotiations between people. They are frequently agreeing (sometimes openly, usually tacitly) about the proper way to do things and how to make meanings about the events of the world around them. If you want to change a culture you have to change all these conversations-or at least the majority of them. Sources: 1 http://www. olemiss. edu/courses/psy561/lect0_files/frame. htm We will write a custom essay sample on Triandis definition of culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Triandis definition of culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Triandis definition of culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 2 Culture Defined, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000. 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. 3People learn culture. Many qualities of human life are transmitted geneticallyan infants desire for food, for example, is triggered by physiological characteristics determined within the human genetic code. An adults specific desire for milk and cereal in the morning, on the other hand, cannot be explained genetically; rather, it is a learned (cultural) response to morning hunger. Culture, as a body of learned behaviors common to a given human society, acts rather like a template (ie. it has predictable form and content), shaping behavior and consciousness within a human society from generation to generation. So culture resides in all learned behavior and in some shaping template or consciousness prior to behavior as well (that is, a cultural template can be in place prior to the birth of an individual person). 3 4According to the American Heritage English Dictionary, the definition of culture is: The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. 4 Status: 5Status is a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. status can be formal as well as informal. Formal statuses are those given in form of a designation for example in an organization such as manager. Informal will include those, which exists outside the organization or even within but less important than the formal one. 5 Sources: 3http://www. wsu. edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/culture-definition. html 4http://www. wsu. edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/glossary/culture. html 5Stephen P Robbins, Organizational Behavior, 7th edition. Five Different Cultural Approaches. Universalism vs. Particularism. Universalists are more rule based and particularists are relationship based. In paritcularists approach more attention and importance is given to relationships. People in Universalists culture believe that general rules, codes, values and standards take are more important than particular needs and claims of friends and relations. Particularistic cultures see the ideal culture in terms of friendly relationships. They focus more on relationships. Individualism vs. Collectivism. In individualistic culture people place the individual before the society. They are expected to make decisions by themselves. In a particularistic culture, the quality of life for all members of society is seen as directly reliant on opportunities for individual freedom and development. The community is judged by the extent to which it serves the interest of individual members. In a collectivist culture people place the community before the individual. In collectivist culture people are expected to act in such a way that it serves the society. The individual is judged by the extent to which he serves the interest of the society. Achievement vs. Ascription. Achievement means people are judged on what they have recently achieved or accomplished. Ascription means that status is attributed to you by things like birth, kinship, gender, age, interpersonal connections, or educational record. Achieved status refers to doing, ascribed status refers to being. Achievement-oriented societies or organizations justify their hierarchies by claiming that senior people have achieved more. In ascription-oriented cultures, however, hierarchies are justified by power-to-get-things-done. Neutral vs. Emotional.

The Startup of Chupa Chups †Business Essay

The Startup of Chupa Chups – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers The Startup of Chupa Chups Business Essay Chupa Chups, founded in 1985, is a leading manufacturer of sweet worldwide. With a market share of 34 percent in the lollipops market and 0.9 percent in sweet, Chupa Chups is among the top 25 sweetmakers globally and has been popular among many children in the world. It was in 1954 that Matt Williams, Chupa Chupss founder, stuck to revive the sweet manufacturer Granja Asturias (the previous name of Chupa Chups). In the following years till 1985, in order to concentrate on new Chups lollipop, Mr. Williams bought all Granja Asturiass shares and dropped its entire product range. The effects of the restructuring efforts are obvious: Chupa Chups has manufaturing sites in up to five countries, numerous royal customers and a complete sales network. In addition to the traditional flavors of lollipops (focus on children), Chupa Chups is currently building an extensive adult customer base as well as providing aged customers with new flavors. It in deed draws marvelous attention from various segments of parties. Recently, Chupa Chups’s launch of highly-colored â€Å"tongue-painter† lollipops had taken the market by storm. On the other hand, its spectacular surge on sales also gained credit from the clear diversification into a unique flavor: sugar-free mints with Smuit range. Inevitably, all this led to a direct result of Chupa Chups’s revenues growth. The company generated sales volume (in lollipops) of 4 billion in its most recent fiscal year, which ended January 31, 2005. Research Papers on The Startup of Chupa Chups - Business EssayMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasThe Spring and AutumnNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesTwilight of the UAWEffects of Television Violence on Children

21 Inspiring Quotes About Life and Our World

21 Inspiring Quotes About Life and Our World A whole new world; a dazzling place I never knew. These mellifluous words from the soundtrack of Aladdin say it all. The world, however absurd, dangerous, or harsh, is a fine place to live. The world is special because of its inhabitants. Cherish our world and protect it from destruction. Our planet is our home and we are its caretaker. Here are some world quotes that fill you with intrigue and fascination. If you think about it, our world is a rich tapestry of cultures, languages, people, landscape, colors and people. Technology has helped to diffuse boundaries, whether physical or cultural. We call our world a global village because though we belong to different countries, we are essentially a single race. Sarah Ban BreathnachThe world needs dreamers and the world needs doers. But above all, the world needs dreamers who do.Johann Wolfgang von GoetheThe world is so empty if one thinks only of mountains, rivers and cities; but to know someone here and there who thinks and feels with us, and though distant, is close to us in spirit - this makes the earth for us an inhabited garden.Saint AugustineThe world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page.Albert EinsteinWhat really interests me is whether God had any choice in the creation of the world.BuddhaWe are what we think. All that we are arises with our thoughts. With our thoughts, we make the world. Albert EinsteinThe world is not dangerous because of those who do harm but because of those who look at it without doing anything.Mark TwainDont go around saying the world owes you a living; the world owes you nothing; it was here first.Albert EinsteinThe most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is at all comprehensible.Oscar WildeIn the world there are only two tragedies. One is not getting what one wants, and the other is getting it.J R R TolkienThe wide world is all about you; you can fence yourselves in, but you cannot forever fence it out.Dave BarryThe world is full of strange phenomena that cannot be explained by the laws of logic or science. Dennis Rodman is only one example.Ernest HemingwayThe world is a fine place and worth the fighting for and I hate very much to leave it.Joseph CampbellParticipate joyfully in the sorrows of the world. We cannot cure the world of sorrows, but we can choose to live in joy.Hans HofmannThe whole world, as we experience it visuall y, comes to us through the mystic realm of color.Natalie KocsisThe world is a playground, and life is pushing my swing.Henry David ThoreauWhats the use of a fine house if you havent got a tolerable planet to put it on?Charles M SchulzDont worry about the world coming to an end today. It is already tomorrow in Australia.Carl Gustav JungThe only thing we have to fear on the planet is man.E E CummingsThe earth laughs in flowers.Helen KellerAlthough the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.Oscar WildeThe true mystery of the world is the visible, not the invisible.

Choose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Choose one - Essay Example – This is the thesis†¦ II. The Progressive Period The Progressive Period in the US approximately started in 1890 to 1920 as a social movement that grew into a political movement, and somewhere in 1900 to 1918, was the training ground for a transformation of the relationship between a democratic government and the people, essentially highlighting Prohibition and woman suffrage (PBS; GWU). This period was also generally referred to as the transition from agrarian to urbanization, a depiction of more advanced transformation of the civilization and high level way of thinking. III. World War II On the other hand, World War II began in 1939 to 1945, and women were considered partners in winning the war due to the following points: there was a changed image of women’s roles, they joined the nurse corps and armed forces, they were encouraged to serve the military, they filled in traditional male jobs particularly in production, and they performed functions both at home and in the community and so on (National Women’s History Museum). The point is that women were started to be viewed as equal with men and that made them essential counterparts in order for the US to successfully win the war. IV. Post-War Expansion Period Right after the World War II is the Post-War Expansion Period. ... After all, Post-War Expansion Period was the economic expansion of the US, by which women had special participation in the process. V. Analysis It is evident, based on the information as stated so far that the transition in the US history of development over the course of time was fueled by social, political and economic factors. However, men and women substantially worked out for this. Therefore, having the thought like this will pave the way for understanding that the involvement of women in particular in the entire scenario of development is not just only a sole controversial issue, but a specific subject that requires fundamental analysis to understand its actual transformation as directly influenced by socio-economic and political factors. What therefore is one of the most important actions to take is to know the varying attitudes to women’s roles in the workforce in each of the three introduced periods. Another important point is to further analyze how these attitudes we re changed. Finally, to understand why these attitudes changed is just another important point to consider. Clearly, women were not considered equal counterparts of men from the beginning and this was due to social understanding linked in particular to a patriarchal society in the US and even in other parts of the world. This dates back to the beginning, but what is much more explicit observation was the aggressive considered nature of men by then, as depicted from their ability to conquer. Such history remains vivid in the minds of the Americans especially supplemented by one of the thoughts like on how Christopher Columbus discovered, subjugated and put the entire native America

Masculinity and Violence in Fight Club and Drowning Tucson Essay

Masculinity and Violence in Fight Club and Drowning Tucson - Essay Example However, when â€Å"a generation of men† is raised by women, there is no â€Å"male example† (Palahniuk 50) to follow and males only have that urge for liberalization and the need to ascertain their masculinity. One can see that the Tyler in Fight Club is the real macho man who tries to struggle away from the feminized Narrator, or, in other words, Tyler is the real male self of the Narrator. In fact, what Palahniuk points out and what the reader feels is that real masculinity involves surplus aggressiveness and sexual and emotional desires. In the real society, most males are forced to employ surplus repression to look civilized. Thus, there are institutions of male bonding which offer them a way to unleash this hidden aggression in the safest possible way. They engage in fist fight in such institutions and enjoy a sense of power. In the novel, the Narrator is a person who has lost his sense of manhood. He does not have a name, lives alone, and is unable to make health y relations with others. This extreme pain and alienation makes the real man in him struggle away and become Tyler who wants to become the leader of the â€Å"space monkeys† (Palahniuk 132).... The more comfortable the Narrator becomes with Marla, the more detached he gets with the destructive plans made by Tyler. Finally, by the time he admits he likes her, the Narrator is in total contradiction with Tyler, and eliminates him (Palahniuk 15). However, the men who are still isolated continue demanding the return of the anarchic Tyler. At least the Narrator realizes Marla is not the reason behind anarchy. Thus, one can see that there are various factors Palahniuk tries to point out as the reasons behind violence. The first one is the lack of role models of maleness for the new generation which is often brought up in a feminized society. The feminist era took away everything that is good as the virtues of femaleness and men of the post-feminist period were left with nothing more than mere ambiguity regarding masculinity and parenting (Palahniuk 141). The second important factor is the ‘homophobia’ developed by men in a patriarchal society. It is admitted facts tha t many hate crimes occur as a result of doubts over sexual orientation. In Fight Club, the Narrator gives Angel Face a severe beating to see that his beauty is reduced because the Narrator hates the favoritism Tayler shows towards him. (Palahniuk 96) Evidently, males have their own ways of measuring masculinity. To illustrate, in Fight Club, it is seen that the ability to conquer a woman is an important aspect of deciding ones maleness. As a result, there is a kind of rift between males that arises out of this competition to win women, and in the novel, there is a great degree of tension between Tayler and the Narrator in this regard. (Palahniuk 113) Thus, it becomes evident that men’s lives are structured around aggressiveness and power relations. The highly phallic notion of masculinity

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection System

Design of Vehicle Security and Passenger Protection System Understand vehicle security, environmental control and passenger protection systems   Introduction I will learn that there are many advantages in the modern central door locking system. I will be learning the electrical wiring of a typical modern car, and adding illustrations to explain the various components. I will be explaining the operating principles and identifying the main parts of the environmental control system such as the EGR principles for a Hitachi vehicle mentioning how it works according with the Control Valves and later examining the service and repair procedures for a defective valve. I will include the oxidization process in a catalytic converter with equations showing the addition of oxygen to hydrocarbon when passed over a platinum palladium catalyst. The exhaust produces harmful emissions gases damaging to the atmosphere when released into air. The catalytic converter includes a core of ceramics containing many pores which measure less than 1mm. Most catalytic converters have a good life expectancy but should be checked periodically for internal and external d amage. Assessment Criteria 3.1 The central locking system of a motor car must give access to the driver, it is the means from which the vehicle doors and boot lid are locked and unlocked and the engine is started. The central locking system in a vehicle must give access only to the driver or an authorised person. In past years, only mechanical systems could be operated from the outside with a key or from the inside with a knob. The central locking systems used originally brought about significant improvements in comfort and convenience. The electric locking systems are very common today in most vehicles, they work with an infrared or wireless remote control. They can be triggered remotely, for example without contact between key and vehicle. The latest systems use entirely keyless vehicle access. The driver only needs to have a transmitter in their pockets, the doors are then unlocked when the driver touches a door handle which has a built-in contact point. The central locking system provides locking/unlocking of the entire vehicle from one central exterior point. It is the means in which the vehicle doors and boot lid are locked and unlocked and the engine is started. The locking system is operated with a key or remote control. These systems feature a built-in vacuum reservoir which triggers the locks on all doors when the key is turned in a lock. The central locking system has the following components: Door handle/Handle strip, the door handle is the traditional means by which a vehicle is opened and closed from inside or outside. The outside door strip usually houses the door lock. Door strips are frequently used as design elements in modern cars. They can be chrome-plated or paint-finished in the same colour as the vehicle. Door lock/Actuator, the latching mechanism in a vehicle is installed directly inside the doors. It contains both a latch and an electric motor (actuator) which controls the central locking system. The latch opens or closes the doors, while on the other hand the door lock, locks or unlocks the vehicle. Today, all doors latches are powered by electric drives. Fuel filler cap, the fuel filler cap will safely seal the fuel tank. Some fuel filler caps have locks, others do not. Fuel filler caps with locks are usually found on vehicle which have either a fuel filler flap which does not lock or no fuel filler flap at all. Fuel filler caps without locks are found on vehicles whose fuel filler flap is locked automatically via the central locking system. Transponder, the transponder is usually integrated inside the key bow. It is the means by which the electronic immobiliser identifies the correct key is being used. The transponders code is read out as the key nears the ignition lock. If the code is correct, the electronic immobiliser will send a start signal enabling the engine. Remote control, the remote controls are being used with increasing frequency in small cars, substituting the functions of a conventional key to all intents and purposes. A signal transmitter sends a signal or a coded order instruction to a receiver inside the vehicle, which usually controls a number of functions. Infrared remote controls have a range of up to 15 m. They depend upon the direct visual contact between transmitter and receiver. Today the infrared remote controls are only used rarely as they have been overtaken by other technologies. Wireless remote controls transmit on radio frequencies and have a range of up to approximately 100 m. Keys, are the basic function and remote control of the locking and unlocking of doors, luggage compartments, fuel filler cap, etc. they are also used to control the interior lighting and electronic immobiliser, the alarm system and the window lifters. The keys are made up of of two units: the milled, toothed key blade and the key bow. The latter is home to an increasing number of electronic functions such as the remote control for the central locking system or the boot lid. Start/stop system, traditionally a vehicle key was needed to unlock the steering lock and to start the engine. Therefore, the vehicle key was enhanced with the addition of a transponder-based release mechanism for the electronic immobiliser. Today, keyless systems are increasingly being used to start engines. In a keyless system, a transmitter, which usually also houses the controller for the central locking is fitted into a reader in the vehicle and the engine is then started by pressing a button. Steering lock, the steering locks have been a compulsory requirement set by insurance companies since 1969.They provide protection against stealing. They are the means from which the steering column is unlocked sand the engine is started, either electrically or by conventional mechanical means. My-cardictionary.com (2016) Diagram 1, An Electrical Wiring Diagram for the Central Locking System of an E36 Coupe vehicle: Justanswer.com (2016) Diagram 2, showing a Single Lock, Phase 1, mechanical lock at door and lock signal generation for a BMW vehicle: Unofficialbmw.com (2016) The lock button and key mechanically rotate the lock lever which decouples the exterior door handle from the latch. When this is rotated the lock lever moves an internal switch ramp to the left closing the lock micro-switch. This provides the lock signal to the GM. When the GM receives the lock signal it activates an internal relay number 1, providing power through the closed single lock contact to the actuator motor. Ground is provided through the modules closed contact of relay number 3. The vehicles actuator motor become energised until the single lock circuit is opened by the gear driven slider. All actuators stop at the single locked position. From this point the external door handles are decoupled from the latch mechanism stopping entry from outside of the vehicle. Assessment Criteria 3.2 Emission control system in vehicles depend on the reduction and discharge of harmful gases from the internal-combustion engine and other components. There are three main sources of gases released from the engine exhaust, the crankcase, and the fuel tank and carburettor. The exhaust pipe sets free burned and unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, there are traces of various acids, alcohols and phenols. In environmental control systems the vehicle emissions focusses on types of emissions: Hydrocarbons, a class of burned or partially burned fuel, hydrocarbons are a major contributor to smog, causing problems in urban areas. Carbon monoxide, is a product of partial combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen, carbon monoxide poisoning is dangerous and fatal. Nitrogen oxide, is produced when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at a high temperature and pressure inside the engine. NOx is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NOx is a mixture of NO, N20, and NO2. NOx production is increased when an engine runs at its most efficient part of the cycle. Sulphur oxide, is a term for oxides of sulphur, it is emitted from motor vehicles burning fuel containing sulphur. The reduction of sulphur reduces the level of Sulphur oxide emissions from the tailpipe. Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016) One environmental control system is the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) exhaust gas recirculation. This is an efficient way to reduce the NOx emissions from the engine. It works by recirculating a quantity of exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. A valve is used to restrain the flow of gas it may be closed completely if required. The EGR intermixes the recirculated gas with the incoming air reducing the amount of O2 for combustion, lowering the peak temperature of combustion. In other words, the substitution of burnt gas for oxygen rich air reduces the proportion of the cylinder contents available for combustion, causing a lower heat release and peak cylinder temperature reducing the formation of NOx. A presence of an inert gas in the cylinder further limits the peak temperature. The gas is recirculated is usually achieved by piping a route from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold. The gas recirculated is passed through the EGR cooler reducing the temperature of the gas, reducing the cylinder charge temperature when the EGR is used, the EGR system has two benefits firstly the reduction of charge temperature resulting in lower peak temperature, and secondly the greater density of cooled EGR gas allows for a higher proportion of EGR to be used. On a diesel engine, the recirculated fraction may be as high as 50% under some operating conditions. The control valve within the circuit regulates and times the gas flow. There are disadvantages and difficulties of an EGR system, especially in diesel engines where the trade-off between NOx and particulates is higher. The EGR reduces the available oxygen in the cylinder, the production of particulates fuel which is only partly combusted is increased when the EGR is applied. The reduction of the oxygen available in the cylinder will reduce the peak power available from the engine. The EGR is usually shut off when full power is required so the EGR approach to controlling NOx fails in this situation. The EGR system cannot respond instantly to changes in demand and the exhaust gas takes time to flow around the EGR circuit. Making the calibration of the EGR behaviour more complex. A faulty EGR system may result in one cylinder receiving too much high particulate emissions while another cylinder receives too little, resulting in high NOx emissions from that cylinders. Cambustion.com (2016) Diagram3, Cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System for Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery: Tatahitachi.co.in (2016) Diagram 4, An EGR Working illustration: Slideshare.com (2016) Another environmental control system is a catalytic converter. The catalyst converter changes the harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases into harmless gases. It is located, in the exhaust system and all exhaust gas must move along through it. The catalyst is a material normally platinum palladium in the catalytic converter that causes a chemical change without being a part of the chemical response. The result is the exhaust gas leaving the catalytic converter with less harmful HC, CO, NOx. The catalytic converter converts the pollutants by catalysing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used with internal combustion engines fuelled by either petrol or diesel. There are two types of converters: 1. The oxidization catalytic converter the oxidation catalyst is the second stage of catalyst converter. It reduces the unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidising) them over a platinum palladium catalyst. Diagram 5, An illustration showing the oxidization catalytic converter and the various gases emitted from the exhaust: Quickhonda.net (2016) 2. The reduction catalytic converter The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter, it uses platinum and rhodium to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. Diagram 6, The chemical process in the reduction catalytic converter: Sine.ni.com (2016) Assessment Criteria 3.3 All vehicles are designed to protect the drivers and passengers in a collision, some cars are better at this than others. In a well-designed vehicle, all the different safety systems work together in keeping the driver and passengers safe in many different crash situations. Working together the safety systems make up the occupant protection system. The vehicle must have a strong structure to absorb the crash force while keeping the driver and passenger compartments intact. Passenger safety systems comprise of the following: Crumple zones, in the frontal, rear and offset (those occurring at an angle) crashes, modern vehicles protect occupants by absorbing crash energy and reducing the forces in which the driver is exposed. This is because the front and rear sections crumple in a controlled and progressive manner, allowing the driver and passenger compartment to decelerate more slowly. The deceleration signifies less force passing onto the driver and passenger so the injuries are less likely. Safety Belts, they are necessary safety fixtures in a vehicle, most modern safety belts have pretensioners. They tighten the safety belt in case of a collision. They have included load limiters which help to control the movements in a collision. Airbags, help to stop the driver and passengers from hitting hard parts of the vehicle in moderate to severe crashes. There are many different types of airbags available. Most vehicles manufactured in the last 15 years have driver and passenger frontal airbags. Todays newer cars have side torso-protecting airbags and side curtain airbags. The side curtain airbags protect a persons head in a side impact crash. Side airbags with head protection, they are a very important safety item which can stop serious injury in a pole-side impact. ISOFix child restraint anchorages, there are specified lower anchorage points for the installation of child restraints.   These make it easier to install the child restraints correctly. Inflatable rear safety belts, the inflatable sections of these safety belts may be shoulder only or lap and shoulder. This system supports the head during a collision, it also provides side impact protection. Inflatable safety belts have tubular inflatable bladders kept within an outer cover. When a collision occurs, the bladder inflates with a gas to increase the area of the restraint which touches the passenger. During a collision at the same time the inflatable rear safety belt shortens in length, tightening the belt around the passenger and improving protection. Pre-crash systems, this is a system which discover an immediate collision and automatically puts into action safety devices like safety belt pretensioners. Rollover occupant protection systems, detect a rollover situation and deploys occupant protection systems like inflatable curtains. Rollover-enabled air bags are intended to stay inflated after a crash for about five seconds. This give greater protection from the head curtain air bags which deploy in a side-impact collision. Active head restraint, a seat is designed to respond to rearward collisions by moving the head restraint forward. It performs other actions to lower the risk of whiplash type injuries. Head restraint for all seats, they are designed with specific geometry to protect an adult in a road collision from the rear. Automatic emergency call (eCall), is a system which alerts the emergency services if a severe collision occurs. Rightcar.govt.nz (2011) Assessment Criteria 3.4 For instance, the expert checking of the brake and repair procedures and security system for a Porsche Macan model car could detect a defective central locking system which sometimes requires the changing of the small battery inside the key housing by using a small screwdriver. When there is a defective battery the central locking system and car alarm will not work accordingly. There are several steps to take when this happens. Normally, the drivers door will lock all functioning locking elements of the central locking system, so the emergency locking procedure should be carried out. A qualified Porsche specialist workshop technician should carry out the necessary diagnostics and repair. To Changing the Drivers Key (Remote Control Battery) the steps are as follows: N.B Please observe the regulations for disposing of batteries If the battery in the remote control becomes too weak, the message Replace Ignition key battery will appear on the multi-function display on the instrument panel. The battery should be changed in this case. To Changing the battery CR 2032, 3 V, you should carry out the following procedures: Remove the emergency key. Lever off the cover on the back of the key housing using a small screwdriver. Change the battery (the polarity should be checked) Refit the cover and press together firmly. Insert the emergency key. By using a push and release mechanism the emergency key within the drivers key is uncovered by using the button to the side. The emergency key can be pulled out and used to unlock the front door of the vehicle. The central locking system controls the doors, tailgate and filter flap. The central locking system is always activated when unlocking and locking the vehicle. On the multi-function display on the instrument panel there are different variants for locking and unlocking the doors and tailgate. The Alarm System: The alarm system monitors the following alarm contacts: Alarm contacts in doors, tailgate, engine compartments lid and headlights. Interior surveillance, movement in the interior when the vehicle is locked, e.g. attempted theft after breaking a window. Inclination sensor: Tilting of the vehicle e.g. attempt to tow the vehicle. Trailer hitch socket, e.g. unauthorised unhitching of the trailer. If one of these alarm contacts is interrupted the alarm horn will sound for approximately 30 seconds and the hazard warning lights flash. After a 5 second pause the alarm is triggered again. The cycle is repeated up to ten times. The alarm system is activated when the vehicle is locked, is deactivated when the vehicle is unlocked. When there are faults in the central locking system, the indicator light comes on for 10 seconds, then it flashes at double speed for 20 seconds and then flashes normally. Although the helpful car alarm is necessary for the security of the car, it can go off unpredictably and even refuse to turn itself off. The safety of the vehicle is very important there are a few methods of troubleshooting the car alarm. m.wikihow.com (2016) Disabling a Car Alarm: Disabling the car alarm can be a temporary arranged before getting professional auto assistance. Understanding the basics of an alarm system is very important, there are a few components that an alarm system uses: Control unit, this part is often referred to the brain as it functions as the command centre for the system. Alarm transmitter, this comes in two forms, key remote or key. Sensors, alarms vary and can get complex with very many sensors like pressure, door or window sensors. Siren, alarms need some type of warning signal, a few systems have their own siren component while others are wired to the car stereo. Wires connect the siren to the control unit, fuses, and the control unit to the sensors. Disconnect the battery, to do it open the hood and locate the battery, using a socket wrench unscrew the negative terminal (-) of the battery and pull it off. This is a safety measure to prevent accidents because working with the vehicles electronics can be dangerous. Find the alarm system, it can usually be found under the hood near the steering wheel. Disconnect the wires, some alarm control units have labels for each wires, by taking off the wires attached to the control unit and removing the wires attached to the siren, are two ways to disable and silence the alarm. Pull the wire of the siren, this will silence the alarm. Reconnect the battery and test the car, put the plug of the battery back in, to make sure the alarm is not going off again. Turn on the car and give the engine an increase of speed. This will make sure that the car can still function. M.wikihow.com (2016) Assessment Criteria 3.5 The reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) engines have been equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valves. The EGR valves opens at speeds above idle on a warm engine. When the valve is open, it allows a small portion of the exhaust gas to enter the intake manifold. The exhaust gas is recirculated and takes the place of some the intake mixture. The recirculated exhaust gas is without power and does not enter the combustion process. Diagnosing a defective EGR valve is very straight forward. If the EGR valve is not working or the flow of the exhaust gas is within limits, then the following symptoms will happen: A spark-knock is created when there is an increase of speed during normal driving Excessive oxides of nitrogen (NOx), exhaust emissions. If the EGR valve is stuck open, then these symptoms will show: Rough idle or loss of speed Poor performance/low power The first step in diagnosing the fault is to perform a thorough visual inspection. Checking the proper operation of a vacuum operated EGR valve. To check the operation of the Vacuum-Operated EGR valve, we have to: Check the vacuum diaphragm to see if it can hold the vacuum. N.B. Because some EGR valves require exhaust back pressure to work correctly, the engine should be running at the correct RPM. Apply vacuum from a hand operated vacuum pump and check for right operation. The valve should move when the vacuum is applied and the engine operation should be moving. The EGR valve must be able to hold the vacuum that was applied. If the vacuum drops off, then the valve is likely to be defective. Pearsoned.ca (2016) Conclusion It is useful to know that the central locking system unlocks all doors of a car and it is controlled by a key with a unique code which synchronizes with the cars alarm system. Once the key is used for locking the car the engine immobilizer will go off. Then the vehicles computer system will work with the same code from the car key, therefore opening the engine immobilizer. Consequently, when the engine immobilizer is on, the car will not start. With the evolution of time the central locking system has advanced in their working and is now operated remotely from a distance. In question 3.2 I have understood that emissions of many air pollutants have shown a variety of negative effects on public health and the environment. Emissions such as hydrocarbons a class of burned or partially burned fuel are very toxic. Smog is a major contributor to pollution, and prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons contribute to asthma, liver disease, lung disease and cancer. Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion which reduces the bloods ability to carry oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning is a killer in high concentrations. However, the Exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) was firstly used in the USA and Canada in the 1970s and later developed by major car manufacturers to lower the harmful gases released into the atmosphere. Dr Donald H. Stedman of the University of Denver invented technology using infra-red to detect the exhaust gases used in urban areas. It is a way of testing the various gases released into the environment. Finally, I can say that with the advancement of time technology has improved the design and security of the car to ensure the safety of the vehicle. References Cambustion.com (2016) Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and NOx Measurement, NOx Emissions [online] Available at: http://www.cambustion.com/products/egr [Accessed: 28th March 2017] My-cardictionary.com (2016), Central Locking System [online] Available at: http://www.my-cardictionary.com/accessories/central-locking-system.html [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Pearsoned.ca (2016) Emission Control Devices Operation, Diagnosis, and Service [online] Available at: http://www.pearsoned.ca/highered/divisions/virtual_tours/halderman/data/Halderman_AutoTec_ch30pdf [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Quickhonda.net (2016) Exhaust Flow in an Automobile [online] Available at: http://www.quickhonda.net/exhaust.htm [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Rightcar.govt.nz (2011) Protection Systems During A Crash [online] Available at: http:///rightcar.govt.nz/protection-during-a-crash.html [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Rjdaviesmotor.com (2016), R.J. Davies Motor Repairs, [online] Available at: http://rjdaviesmotor.com/services/emission-problems/ [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Sine.ni.com (2016) Using Compact RIO and Lab VIEW to Reduce NOx Emissions from Ship Engines [online] Available at: http://sine.ni.com/cs/app/doc/p/id/cs-12978/lang/en/pdf/yes/pdf [Accessed: 28th March 2017] Unofficialbmw.com (2016), Central Locking, Purpose of the System [online] Available at: http://www.unofficialbmw.com/images/lock.pdf [Accessed: 28th March 2017]

Describe Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Srrs) and Describe to What Extent It Is a Valid Taxonomy of the Causes of Stress

Describe Holmes and Rahe’s (1967) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) and describe to what extent it is a valid taxonomy of the causes of stress. The top five stressful events, which can happen in an individual’s life, are categorised as ‘death of a spouse’, ‘divorce’, ‘martial separation’, ‘jail term’, and ‘death of a close family member’. Also, events such as ‘vacation’ and ‘change in eating habits’ are considered to be minor life changes on the scale. Each event is attributed to an arbitrary value or ‘LCU’ (Life Change Units) ranging from one to a hundred. From this, an individual is given a cumulative score based upon all of the stressful events which have happened to them over the previous year. People with a sum total of between two hundred and three hundred life change units are supposed to develop major health problems. People scoring over one hundred units are likely to suffer a moderate period of ill-health (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). It can be said that there is a considerable bias in some of the items on the list of life events, favouring adults over younger individuals. Needless to say, teenagers suffer from stress, but it is unconvincing to argue that they need to cope with occurrences such as ‘death of a spouse’, ‘divorce’ or ‘marital separation’ and it is likely that they will not find ‘vacation’ stressful but the complete opposite. It also should be noted that stressful events including ‘exams pressures’ and ‘concerns about weight or appearance’ are not included in the forty-three life events, and these can be considerably stressful for younger people. This reiterates the fact that some items need to be added to the model, for this scale to be more generalisable in characterising the causes of stress. References

Biography of Captain Henry Morgan, Welsh Privateer

Sir Henry Morgan (c. 1635–August 25, 1688) was a Welsh privateer who fought for the English against the Spanish in the Caribbean during the 1660s and 1670s. He is remembered as the greatest of the privateers, amassing huge fleets, attacking prominent targets, and being the worst enemy of the Spanish since Sir Francis Drake. Although he made numerous raids all along the Spanish Main, his three most famous exploits were the 1668 sack of Portobello, the 1669 raid on Maracaibo, and the 1671 attack on Panama. Morgan was knighted by King Charles II of England and died in Jamaica a rich man. Fast Facts: Henry Morgan Known For: Captain Morgan was one of the most notorious privateers of the 17th century.Born: c.  1635 in Llanrhymny,  WalesDied: August 25, 1688 in Lawrencefield, Jamaica Early Life   Morgans exact date of birth is unknown, but he is believed to have been born sometime around 1635 in Monmouth County, Wales. He had two uncles who had distinguished themselves in the English military, and Henry decided as a young man to follow in their footsteps. He was with General Venables and Admiral Penn in 1654 when they captured Jamaica from the Spanish. Privateering Morgan soon took up a life of privateering, launching attacks up and down the Spanish Main and Central America. Privateers were like pirates, only legal—they were mercenaries who were allowed to attack enemy ships and ports. In exchange, they kept most of the loot, although they did share some with the crown. Morgan was one of many privateers who had a â€Å"license† to attack the Spanish as long as England and Spain were at war (they fought on and off during most of Morgan’s life). In times of peace, the privateers either took to outright piracy or more respectable trades such as fishing or logging. The English colony on Jamaica, a foothold in the Caribbean, was weak, so it behooved the English to have a large privateer force ready for times of war. Morgan excelled at privateering. His attacks were well-planned, he was a fearless leader, and he was very clever. By 1668 he was the leader of the Brethren of the Coast, a group of pirates, buccaneers, corsairs, and privateers. Attack on Portobello In 1667, Morgan was sent to sea to find some Spanish prisoners to confirm rumors of an attack on Jamaica. He had grown legendary  and soon found that he had a force of some 500 men in several ships. He captured some prisoners in Cuba, and then he and his captains decided to attack the rich town of Portobello. In July 1668, Morgan took Portobello by surprise and quickly overran its meager defenses. Not only did his men loot the town, but they essentially held it for ransom, demanding and receiving 100,000 pesos in exchange for not burning the city to the ground. Morgan left after about a month. The sack of Portobello resulted in huge shares of loot for everyone involved, and Morgans fame grew even greater. Raid on Maracaibo By October 1668, Morgan was restless and decided to head once again to the Spanish Main. He sent out word that he was organizing another expedition. Morgan went to Isla Vaca and waited while hundreds of corsairs and buccaneers rallied to his side. On March 9, 1669, he and his men attacked the La Barra fort, the main defense of Lake Maracaibo, and captured it without much difficulty. They entered the lake and sacked the towns of Maracaibo and Gibraltar, but they lingered too long and some Spanish warships trapped them by blocking off the narrow entrance to the lake. Morgan cleverly sent a fireship against the Spanish, and of the three Spanish ships, one was sunk, one captured, and one abandoned. After that, he tricked the commanders of the fort (which had been rearmed by the Spanish) to turn their guns inland, and Morgan sailed past them at night. It was the privateer at his most devious. Sack of Panama By 1671, Morgan was ready for one last assault on the Spanish. Again he gathered an army of pirates, and they decided to attack the rich city of Panama. With about 1,000 men, Morgan captured the San Lorenzo fort and began the march overland to Panama City in January 1671. The Spanish forces were in terror of Morgan and abandoned their defenses at the last moment. On January 28, 1671, the privateers and the defenders met in battle on the plains outside the city. It was an utter rout, and the city defenders were scattered in short order by the well-armed invaders. Morgan and his men sacked the city and were gone before any help could arrive. Although it was a successful raid, much of Panamas loot was shipped away before the pirates arrived, so it was the least profitable of Morgans three major ventures. Fame Panama would be Morgans last great raid. By then, he was very rich and influential in Jamaica and had a great deal of land. He retired from privateering, but the world did not forget him. Spain and England had signed a peace treaty before the Panama raid (whether or not Morgan knew of the treaty before he attacked is a matter of some debate) and Spain was furious. Sir Thomas Modyford, the governor of Jamaica who had authorized Morgan to sail, was relieved of his post and sent to England, where he would eventually receive a light punishment. Morgan, too, was sent to England, where he spent a couple of years as a celebrity, dining in the fancy homes of lords who were fans of his exploits. He was even asked his opinion on how to improve Jamaicas defenses. Not only was he never punished, but he was knighted and sent back to Jamaica as lieutenant governor. Death Morgan returned to Jamaica, where he spent his days drinking with his men, running his estates, and fondly telling war stories. He helped organize and improve the defenses of Jamaica and administered the colony while the governor was absent, but he never again went to sea. He died on August 25, 1688, and was given a royal send-off. Morgan lay in state at the Kings House in Port Royal, ships anchored in the harbor fired their guns in salute, and his body was carried through town on a gun carriage to St. Peters Church. Legacy Morgan left behind a complicated legacy. Although his attacks put constant pressure on relations between Spain and England, Englishmen of all social classes loved him and enjoyed his exploits. Diplomats loathed him for violating their treaties, but the almost supernatural fear the Spanish had for him most likely helped drive them to the negotiating table in the first place. Still, Morgan probably did more harm than good. He helped build Jamaica into a strong English colony in the Caribbean and was responsible for lifting Englands spirits during an otherwise grim time in history, but he also was guilty of the death and torture of countless innocent Spanish civilians and spread terror far and wide on the Spanish Main. Captain Morgan remains a legend today, and his effect on popular culture has been considerable. He is considered one of the greatest pirates ever, even though he was actually not a pirate but a privateer (and would have been offended to be called a pirate). Certain places are still named for him, such as Morgans Valley in Jamaica and Morgans Cave on San Andres Island. His most visible presence today is probably as the mascot for the Captain Morgan brands of spiced rum and spirits. There are hotels and resorts named after him, as well as any number of small businesses in the places he frequented. Sources Cordingly, David. Under the Black Flag: the Romance and the Reality of Life among the Pirates. Random House, 2006.Earle, Peter G. The Sack of Panamà ¡ Captain Morgan and the Battle for the Caribbean. Thomas Dunne Books, 2007.

How woman are Potrayed in Julius Caesar - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 724 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Julius Caesar Essay Did you like this example? Julius Caesar is a play about men: their relationships, their culture, and their actions. In the male-dominated world of ancient Rome, characters have a distinct understanding of what it means to be or act like a man. Women in Julius Caesar represent everything that Roman men are not supposed to be—however, the utter disdain men show for feminine traits eventually proves shortsighted, as the play argues that women and their special gifts are not to be taken lightly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How woman are Potrayed in Julius Caesar" essay for you Create order In Julius Caesar, masculinity implies not only bravery, but also steadfastness. The opposite traits—weakness, fearfulness, and inconstancy—are mainly associated with women. Male characters continuously use terms such as â€Å"womanish† to taunt other men perceived as timid or tractable. Brutus refers to the â€Å"melting spirits of women† (2.1.121), and Caesar’s call for water following his epileptic seizure is derided as the actions of â€Å" a sick girl† (1.2.130). When men do exhibit signs of wavering, they often blame their temporary weakness on their mothers, whose â€Å"spirits† counteract the decisive, stalwart natures they have inherited from their fathers. At one point, Casca describes â€Å"three or four wenches† enthusiastically forgiving Caesar for his fit and claims that they would have done the same if Caesar had stabbed their own mothers, furthering the portrait of women as fickle, foolish, and gullible (1.2.267–269). The female characters of Julius Caesar seem to internalize these distinctions as well. Portia makes several blanket statements about the female character, exclaiming, â€Å"How hard it (2.4.8; 2.4.41–42). Fearing for her husband’s safety, she contrasts her firm, resolute â€Å"man’s heart,† which can withstand the strain, with her timorous â€Å"woman’s might† (2.4.7). Just as the men perceive the influence of their mothers and fathers as being at odds within their own selves, Portia sees a masculine side of herself competing with her feminine nature. Similarly, when Portia wishes to claim power for herself, she does so by invoking her male ancestors, invertin g the male tendency to blame their undesirable qualities on their female ancestors. After Brutus refuses to acknowledge that her status as wife earns her the right to share his secrets, she takes a contrary tack and tries to appeal to him as a kind of fellow male. She claims that being descended from the great Cato, not to mention having been chosen by Brutus himself, makes her â€Å"stronger than [her] sex, / Being so fathered and so husbanded† (2.1.295–296). Then, to further prove her emotional and physical strength, she stabs herself in the thigh. Throughout the play, men swear that they are not afraid to face death or injury; Portia proves her manliness by making good on those boasts. However, the play does present women as sharing a powerful, characteristically feminine trait: They each exhibit an instinctive type of foresight. The men of Julius Caesar, though powerful, are often caught unawares by their fate. Caesar refuses to heed the warnings of his own death, just as Brutus misguidedly believes the people will applaud Caesar’s assassination. The play seems to suggest that the same resoluteness the Romans revere as a supreme masculine virtue can become a liability when it turns into inflexibility and imperceptiveness. Calphurnia and Portia both anticipate the dangers ahead. Like animals that sense the arrival of an earthquake, the women seem tuned to a different frequency. Calphurnia dreams of Caesar’s statue pouring forth blood, with smiling Romans washing their hands in the flow. Decius scoffs at her fear, but Calphurnia knows that her dream portends ill luck for Caesar. Like an oracle, the unconscious Calphurnia predicts the future, and her three cries of â€Å"Help, ho! They murder Caesar!† has the force of prophecy (2.2.3). Similarly, long before Brutus’s downfall, Portia claims to have heard a tumultuous clamor on â€Å"the wind . . . from the Capitol,† which she interprets as trouble for her husband (2.4.20). Later, when she senses the sea change about to take place, she kills herself preemptively. Her suicide, described in mythical, grotesque terms, serves as yet another portent Brutus ignores. It would be too much to say that Julius Caesar valorizes women, but it does associate them with supernatural prescience. Certainly the play suggests that, if their advice had been followed, their husbands might have avoided some of the calamities that befall them. But in the end, the female characters in Julius Caesar become collateral damage in the tragedy, unable t o escape what they foresee.